Akuntansi Internasional

Bagaimana merger dan akuisisi lintas Negara ? (Prosedurnya)

Lintas batas mencakup kegiatan yang berlangsung antara dua negara yang berbeda. Oleh karena itu kita bisa menyiratkan bahwa perbatasan merger dan akuisisi lintas pada dasarnya transaksi tersebut dimana perusahaan target dan perusahaan pengakuisisi adalah dari negara asal yang berbeda. Kesepakatan ini seperti di mana aset dan proses dari perusahaan di negara-negara yang berbeda digabungkan untuk membentuk sebuah badan yang sah baru.

  Merger lintas batas dan akuisisi terdiri dari dua jenis Inward dan Outward. Inward lintas perbatasan melibatkan pergerakan modal ke dalam karena penjualan sebuah perusahaan domestik untuk investor asing. Sebaliknya luar lintas perbatasan melibatkan pergerakan modal ke luar karena pembelian sebuah perusahaan asing. Semakin banyak perusahaan ingin go global karena mereka menawarkan peluang besar yang merupakan pilihan relatif lebih murah bagi perusahaan untuk membangun dirinya sendiri secara internal. Melihat adanya merger dan akuisisi di seluruh dunia menunjukkan bahwa penekanan bisnis akuisisi berubah dari dalam negeri untuk menyeberangi perbatasan transaksi karena berbagai manfaat yang ditawarkan.

Seiring dengan berlanjutnya tren global atas konsolidasi industri, berita mengenai merger dan akuisisi internasional praktis merupakan kenyataan sehari-hari. Apabila merger umumnya diringkas dengan istilah sinergi operasi atau skala ekonomi, akuntansi memainkan peranan yang penting dalam mega konsolidasi ini karena angka-angka yang dihasilkan akuntansi bersifat mendasar dalam proses penilaian perusahaan. Dan apabila merger yang dilakukan ternyata lintas batas, maka perbedaan aturan pengukuran nasional dapat memperumit proses penilaian perusahaan. Perbedaan aturan pengukuran akuntansi dapat menimbulkan arena bermain yang tidak sebanding dalam pasar untuk memperoleh kendali perusahaan. Dengan demikian, jika perusahaan A di Negara A diperbolehkan untuk menempatkan goodwill yang dibeli langsung sebagai cadangan, sedangkan perusahaan B di Negara B harus mengamortisasi goodwill yang dibeli ke dalam laba,maka perusahaan A mungkin akan memperoleh keunggulan penawaran bila dibandingkan perusahaan B ketika sedang mencoba untuk mengakuisisi suatu target perusahaan.

Pengaruh Lintas Batas Merger dan Akuisisi

Umumnya telah diamati bahwa merger lintas batas dan akuisisi adalah restrukturisasi aset industri dan struktur produksi secara di seluruh dunia. Hal ini memungkinkan transfer global teknologi, modal, barang dan jasa dan terintegrasi untuk jaringan universal. Lintas batas untuk skala ekonomi dan ruang lingkup yang membantu dalam mendapatkan efisiensi. Selain itu juga manfaat ekonomi seperti peningkatan produktivitas negara tuan rumah, peningkatan pertumbuhan ekonomi dan pembangunan terutama jika kebijakan yang digunakan oleh pemerintah menguntungkan. Berikut adalah pengaruh lintas batas merger dan akuisisi :

·                     Penumpukan modal

Merger lintas batas dan akuisisi berkontribusi dalam akumulasi modal secara jangka panjang. Dalam rangka memperluas bisnis mereka tidak hanya melakukan investasi pada tanaman, bangunan dan peralatan, tetapi juga dalam aset tidak berwujud seperti pengetahuan teknis, keterampilan bukan hanya bagian fisik dari modal.

·                     Penciptaan lapangan kerja

Kadang-kadang terlihat bahwa yang dilakukan untuk mendorong restrukturisasi dapat menyebabkan perampingan tetapi akan menyebabkan keuntungan kerja dalam jangka panjang. Perampingan ini kadang-kadang penting untuk kelangsungan operasi. Ketika dalam jangka panjang bisnis memperluas dan menjadi sukses itu akan menciptakan lapangan kerja baru.

·                     Teknologi penyerahan

Ketika perusahaan di seluruh negara datang bersama-sama itu menopang efek positif dari transfer teknologi, berbagi keterampilan manajemen terbaik dan praktek dan investasi dalam aset tidak berwujud dari negara tuan rumah. Hal ini pada gilirannya menyebabkan inovasi dan memiliki pengaruh pada operasi perusahaan.

Pencatatan dan Penerbitan saham lintas Negara

Pengertian saham

Saham adalah surat berharga yang merupakan tanda kepemilikan seseorang atau badan terhadap suatu perusahaan. Pengertian saham ini artinya adalah surat berharga yang dikeluarkan oleh sebuah perusahaan yang berbentuk Perseroan Terbatas (PT) atau yang biasa disebut emiten. Saham menyatakan bahwa pemilik saham tersebut adalah juga pemilik sebagian dari perusahaan itu. Dengan demikian kalau seoranginvestor membeli saham, maka ia pun menjadi pemilik atau pemegang saham perusa­haan.

Penerbitan Saham

  Saham merupakan tanda sebuah kepemilikan perusahaan atas penyetoran kekayaan atau uang oleh investor kepada perusahaan penerbitnya, jadi ketika seorang investor membeli atau memiliki saham perusahaan sebesar 30% maka investor tersebut berhak mengklaim atas kepemilikannya sebesar 30% atas perusahaan tersebut

Pencatatan dan penerbitan saham lintas negara

Gelombang minat melakukan pencatatan saham lintas batas yang sekarang terjadi pada pasar baru Eropa mengikuti periode tahun 1980-an ketika ratusan perusahaan asing men­catatkan sahamnya pada bursa efek di Eropa. Biaya pencatatan saham relatif rendah dan setiap orang melakukannya.

Bukti menunjukkan bahwa perusahaan penerbit saham bermaksud melakukan pencatatan  lintas-batas   di   Eropa   untuk  memperluas   kelompok  pemegang   saham, meningkatkan kesadaran terhadap produk mereka dan atau membangun kesadaran masyarakat terhadap perusahaan, khususnya di negara-negara di mana perusahaan memiliki operasi yang signifikan dan atau pelanggan utama. (Bursa efek di Eropa telah lama mempromosikan manfaat-manfaat ini). Namun demikian, terbukti sedikit saja bahwa manfaat tersebut dapat diwujudkan di dalam pasar Eropa. Kebanyakan ekuitas asing di Eropa Kontinental sangat sedikit diperdagangkan atau tidak diperdagangkan sama sekali, dan hanya memiliki beberapa pemegang saham lokal. Seperti yang dikatakan sebelumnya, selama tahun 1990-an banyak perusahaan asing yang menarik pencatatan sahamnya dari bursa efek di Eropa setelah menyadari sedikitnya manfaat yang dapat diperoleh dari kegiatan pencatatan tersebut.

Regulator nasional dan bursa efek sangat berkompetisi dalam pencatatan saham asing dan volume perdagangan, yang merupakan hal penting bagi bursa efek yang berkeinginan untuk menjadi atau mempertahankan posisi sebagai pemimpin global. Sebagai respon, bursa efek dan regulator pasar Eropa telah bekerja untuk membuat akses masuk yang lebih cepat dan lebih murah bagi para perusahaan asing penerbit saham dan pada saat yang bersamaan meningkatkan kredibilitas mereka. Karena pasar Eropa menjadi semakin khusus, setiap pasar menawarkan manfaat unik untuk para penerbit asing.

Banyak perusahaan Eropa mengalami kesulitan ketika memutuskan di mana meningkatkan jumlah modal atau .mencatatkan sahamnya. Pengetahuan mengenai berbagai pasar ekuitas dengan hukum, aturan, dan karakter kelembagaan yang berbeda sangat diperlukan saat ini. Yang juga diperlukan adalah pemahaman mengenai bagaimana karakteristik perusahaan penerbit sahain dan bursa efek salingbgrhubungan. Negara asal, industri, dan besarnya penawaran perusahaan penerbit saham hanyalah beberapa faktor yang perlu dipertimbangkan." Lagi pula, biaya dan manfaat kombinasi pasar yang berbeda biaya dan manfaat kombinasi pasar  yang berbeda  perlu untuk dipahami.

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sumber: 

http://fitriakartikalupit.blogspot.com/2015/04/merger-dan-akuisisi-lintas-batas-negara.html

http://miiraand.blogspot.com/2014/06/pencatatan-dan-penerbitan-saham-lintas.html

Business Law

In fact, the legal definition of business more often associated with economic laws. Though the legal definition of a business is in a smaller scope than the laws of economics.

Business law can be understood as a law regulating economic activity. Activity in the form of trade, services, and financial conducted continuously, aiming to benefit.

Economic activity that is referred to as a business. Course of business or economic activity is carried out by an individual or business entity.

Along the development era, how human economic activities are also increasingly diverse. In the old days, people perform simple economic activities, such as trade. Nowadays economic activities can be done by setting up a business entity or a legal entity.

Definition of general business law is written regulations made by the government with a view to regulate, supervise and protect all business activities, including the activities of industry, trade and execution services as well as all things related to financial activities and other business activities.

Business law is a rule made by the government to regulate the traffic in order to create economic activity in the field of security and order in the Indonesian economy. If the rule of law is violated in this business field, it will be given strict sanctions.

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Tugas Bahasa Inggris

Choose the correct word for each sentence.

Note: Answer is the one that underlined.

1. She works for an advertisement/advertisingagency.
2. How will the increase in interest rates affect/effect your sales?
3. My bank manager has agreed to borrow/lendme another $2,000.
4. We’ve had to cancel/postponethe meeting until next Monday.
5. These machines are controlled/inspected at least once a day.
6. My plane was delayed/postponed by an hour due to computer failure.
7. Before coming here, I studied economics/economy at university.
8. I am interested/interesting in their new camera.
9. She applied for a job/work as a personnel officer.
10. Some employees have a long journey/travel to work every day.
11.  The cost of life/livinghas gone up again.
12. Please send precise measurements/measures when ordering.
13. We expect prices to raise/rise by at least five percent.
14. We only exchange goods if you produce a receipt/recipe.
15. I must remember/remindthe boss about that meeting this afternoon.
16. Can you say/tellthe difference between these two products?
17. The company is extremely sensible/sensitiveto any criticism.
18. There’s some more paper in the stationary/stationerycupboard.

9. Banking Services

Fill each blank in the text with the correct word or phrase. Choose from the following list. Use each item once only.

commission                       issued                                   statement                           credit rating

debited                                                outstanding                       withdraw                            credit transfer

in full                                    salaries                                                banker’s draft                   financial institutions

interest                                                slip                                         cash dispenser                  standing order

Bank offers many services to business and their customers. Here are some of the most common:

Many people now have a card which enables them to 1. withdraw money from a 2. cash dispenser. You feed your card into the machine and key in your PIN (personal identification number) and the amount of money you want. If you have enough in your account, the money requested will be 3.issuedup to a daily limit. Your account is automatically 4. debited for the amount you have drawn out.

Provided you have a sound 5.credit rating,you can get a credit card from a bank and other 6. financial institution. To obtain goods or services, you present your card and sign a special voucher. When it receives the voucher, the credit card company pays the trader (less a 7. commission) and then send you a monthly 8. slip. Depending on the type of card you have, you will either have to pay 9. in full or be able to pay part of what is owed and pay 10. interest in the balance left 11. statement.

 If you need to make fixed payments at regular intervals, e.g. for insurance premiums, you can arrange a 12. credit transfer (sometimes known as a banker’s order) so that the bank will do this for you.

If you have several bills to pay, you can do this by 13. standing order . You write one cheque for the total sum involved, fill in a 14. outstandingfor each bill and hand everything to the bank cashier.

The transfer system is also used by employers to pay 15. salaries directly into employees’ bank accounts.

If you are dealing with a supplier for the first time, a16. banker’s draftmay be used as payment. This is a cheque guaranteed by a bank and therefore it is not likely to ‘bounce’.

47. What’s the job?

accountant                                         clerk                                                      personnel officer

advertising executive                    computer operator                         R&D Manager

assembly person                             draughtsperson                                receptionist

chauffeur                                            motor mechanic                               salesperson

You will be in charge of a team of highly creative individuals delivering new quality products and enhancing our existing range.

1. personnel officer

With particular responsibilities for recruitment and selection. Communication skills and a pragmatic approach to problem solving essential.

2. R&D Manager

With mechanical design experience to work as a member of a team producing designs and drawings for production. Experience of our products range is not essential.

3.draughtperson

Duties include filing, mailing, relief reception and other general office work.

4. receptionist

Needed for night shift. Clean modern factory. Varied work. Good eyesight essential.

5. assembly person

Successful applicant will be articulate and presentable. Remuneration includes retainer and car allowance plus commission structure.

6. salesperson

Reporting directly to Managing Director. You will take over financial control for all aspects of daily operation.

7. accountant

Sober habits, clean driving licence, able to be on call 7 days per week at times. Uniform supplied.

8. chauffeur

Must be experienced in the repair and maintenance of heavy duty vehicles. References must be provided from previous employers.

9. motor mechanic

You are the first person our clients will meet so you need to be friendly, stylish and efficient.

10. clerk

Some experience in the above-mentioned software is essential but training will be given to the successful applicant.

11. computer operator

You will be an essential member of an agency responsible for some of the country’s top accounts. You will be responsible for the administration of local and national promotions.

12. advertising executive

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The Amazing Spider-Man

The Amazing Spider-Man is a 2012 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man and sharing the title of the character's longest-running comic book of the same name. It is the fourth to portray Spider-Man in film distributed by Columbia Pictures, Marvel Entertainment and Sony Pictures Entertainment and a reboot of the 2002-07 film trilogy preceding it, which was also distributed by Sony Pictures Entertainment. The film was directed by Marc Webb, written by James Vanderbilt, Alvin Sargent and Steve Kloves and stars Andrew Garfield as Peter Parker / Spider-Man, Emma Stone as Gwen Stacy, Rhys Ifans as Dr. Curtis Connors, Denis Leary as Captain George Stacy along with Martin Sheen and Sally Field as the uncle and aunt of Peter Parker, Ben Parker and May Parker. The film tells the story of Peter Parker, a teenager from New York City who becomes Spider-Man after being bitten by a genetically altered spider. Parker must stop Dr. Curt Connors as a mutated Lizard from spreading a mutation serum to the city's human population.

A young Peter Parker discovers his father Richard Parker's study has been burgled. Gathering up hidden documents, Peter's parents take him to the home of his Aunt May (Sally Field) and Uncle Ben (Sheen), then mysteriously depart.

Years later, a teenaged Peter (Garfield) attends Midtown Science High School, where he is bullied by Flash Thompson (Zylka) and has caught the eye of the beautiful Gwen Stacy (Stone). At home, Peter finds his father's papers and learns he worked with fellow scientist Dr. Curt Connors (Ifans) at Oscorp. Sneaking into Oscorp, Peter enters a lab where a "biocable" is under development from genetically modified spiders, one of which bites him. On the subway ride home, he discovers that he has developed spider-like abilities.

After studying Richard's papers, Peter visits the one-armed Connors, reveals he is Richard Parker's son and gives Connors his father's "decay rate algorithm", the missing piece in Connors' experiments on regenerating limbs. Connors is being pressed by his superior, Dr. Ratha (Khan), to devise a cure for the dying (but unseen) head of Oscorp, Norman Osborn. In school, Peter gets into trouble after a basketball challenge with Flash in which Peter accidentally shatters the backboard glass. His uncle changes work shifts to meet with the principal and asks Peter to replace him walking home with Aunt May that night. Peter gets distracted and helps Connors regenerate the limb of a laboratory mouse. Peter's failure causes an argument with his uncle and he leaves. At a nearby deli, a cashier refuses to let Peter buy a chocolate milk since Peter is two cents short; when a thief suddenly raids the store, Peter indifferently observes. While searching for Peter, Uncle Ben attempts to stop the thief and is killed. The thief escapes as Peter finds Ben on the sidewalk.

Afterward, Peter uses his new abilities to hunt criminals matching the killer's description. After a fall lands him inside an abandoned gym, a luchador-wrestling poster inspires him to create a mask to hide his identity. He adds a spandex suit and builds mechanical devices to attach to his wrists to shoot a biocable "web". Peter accepts a dinner invitation from Gwen, where he meets and has a tense conversation with her father, police captain George Stacy (Leary), over Spider-Man's motives. After dinner, Peter reveals his identity to Gwen and they kiss.

After seeing success with the mouse using lizard DNA, Ratha demands Connors begin human trials immediately if Osborn is to survive. Connors refuses to rush the drug-testing procedure and put innocent people at risk. Ratha fires Connors and decides to test Connors' serum at a VA hospital under the guise of a flu shot. In an act of desperation, Connors tries the formula on himself. After passing out, he awakens to find his missing arm has regenerated. Discovering that Ratha is on his way to the VA hospital, Connors, whose skin is turning green and scaly, goes to intercept him. By the time he gets to the Williamsburg Bridge Connors has become a violent hybrid of lizard and man, tossing cars, including Ratha's, over the side of the bridge. Peter, now calling himself Spider-Man, snatches each falling car with his web-lines.

Spider-Man suspects Connors is Lizard and unsuccessfully confronts the creature in the sewers. Lizard learns Spider-Man's real identity via the name on an abandoned camera and follows Peter to school where they fight. In response, the police start a manhunt for both Spider-Man and Lizard. The police corner Spider-Man and Captain Stacy discovers that he is really Peter. Lizard plans to make all humans lizard-like by releasing a chemical cloud from Oscorp's tower, to eliminate the weaknesses he believes plague humanity. Spider-Man confronts and battles the Lizard on the roof of Oscorp Tower and eventually disperses an antidote cloud instead, restoring Connors and earlier victims to normal, but not before Lizard mortally wounds Captain Stacy. Before his death, Captain Stacy makes Peter vow to keep Gwen safe by leaving her out of it. Peter initially does so by avoiding to go to Captain Stacey's funeral, but later at school suggests to Gwen he may see her again.

In a closing-credits scene, Connors, in a prison cell, speaks with a man in the shadows who asks if Peter knows the truth about his father. Connors replies, "No", and demands Peter be left alone before the man disappears

 Cast and characters:

-Andrew Garfield as Peter Parker / Spider-Man

- Emma Stone as Gwen Stacy

- Rhys Ifans as Dr. Curt Connors / Lizard

- Denis Leary as Captain George Stacy

- Martin Sheen as Ben Parker

- Sally Field as May Parker

 

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Passive Voice

145. PASSIVE VERB FORMS

Change the verb to the active voice and rewrite the sentence. Be sure to keep the same tense. In some cases, it will be necessary to supply a subject (see the second example).

1.       The books were taken by John.

John took the books.

2.       The boxes were mailed today.

he mailed the boxes today.

3.       The two packages were opened by my secretary.

My secretary opened the two packages.

4.       Our homework is corrected by our teacher.

Our teacher corrects our homework.

5.       Two buildings have been constructed by that company.

That company had constructed two buildings.

6.       That room wasn’t cleaned carefully yesterday.

He didn’t clean that room carefully yesterday.

7.       The truck is being loaded by the men now.

The men are loading the truck now.

8.       Was that machine checked by the inspector?

Did the inspector check that machine?

9.       Will that report be written by the same committee?

Will the same committee write that report?

10.   Has the news been announced by the president yet?

Has the president announced the news yet?

11.   The mail is delivered to this office twice a day.

This office receives the mail twice a day.

12.   All of us were surprised by his frank attitude.

His frank attitude surprised all of us.

13.   Was the repair work done by the mechanic?

Did the mechanic do the repair work?

14.   He wasn’t very much respected by the employees.

The employees didn’t respect him very much.

15.   Are many courses in English given during the summer?

Are they giving many courses in English during the summer?

146. USING PASSIVE VERBS

Change the verb to the passive voice and rewrite the sentence. Be sure to keep the same tense.

1.       He signed the letter.

The letter was signed by him.

2.       The secretary opens the mail every morning.

The mails is opened by the secretary every morning.

3.       The committee is considering that proposal right now.

That proposal is being considered by the committee right now.

4.       The army will complete that project next year.

That project will be completed by the army next year.

5.       His boss has transferred him to another department.

He has been transferred to another department by his boss.

6.       Will the company distribute the announcements?

Will the announcements be distributed by the company?

7.        An artist wrote that interesting article about Paris.

That interesting article about Paris was written by an artist.

8.       Today a large number of people speak English.

English is spoken by a large number of people today.

9.       Didn’t they return those books to the library?

Were those books not return by them to the library?

10.   The government has not changed that regulation yet.

That regulation has not been changed by the government yet.

11.   Someone stole all her valuable jewelry last night.

All her valuable jewelry were stolen by someone last night.

12.   Miss Peters wrote all of the reports for Mr. Johnson.

All of the reports were written my Miss Peters for Mr. Johnson.

13.   Bad weather has delayed Flight 202 from Miami.

Flight 202 from Miami has been delayed due to bad weather.

14.   Did the court divide the money among the children?

Were the money divided by the court among the children?

15.   Many scholars have translated that famous Greek epic.

That famous Greek epic has been translated by many scholars.

147. ACTIVE vs PASSIVE

Use the correct voice (active or passive) and the correct tense of verb in each sentence.

1.       Everyone (shock) by the terrible news yesterday.

 Active  : The terrible news was shocked everyone yesterday.

2.       Almost everyone (enjoy) the lecture last night.

Passive : The lecture was enjoyed by almost everyone last night.

3.       English (teach) in the schools of almost every nation.

Active   : English taught in the schools of almost every nation.

4.       That proposal (consider) by the members right now.

Passive : That proposal is considering by the members right now.

5.       The accident (happen) right here at 6:30 last night.

Active   : The accident happened right here at 6:30 last night.

6.       Smith (teach) at the University of Washington since 1948.

Active   : Smith has taught at the University of Washington since 1948.

7.       Mr. Harris (divide) the class into two sections tomorrow.

Passive : The class will be divided into two sections by Mr. Harris tomorrow.

8.       Wilson (borrow) the money from Brown two weeks ago.

Active   : Wilson borrowed the money from Brown two weeks ago.

9.       Not much (say) about the matter since that time.

Active   : Not much said about the matter since that time.

10.   My friend (write) to me about it several times now.

Active   : My friend is writing to me about it several times now.

11.   Davis (promote) to the rank of sergeant last week.

Active   : Davis was promoted to the rank of sergeant last week.

12.   That event (occur) shortly after the meeting last week.

Active   : That event occurred shortly after the meeting last week.

13.   All the students (bring) guests to the party tomorrow night.

Passive : Guests will be brought by all the students to the party tomorrow night.

14.   Less than half of the cans of paint (use) up to now.

Passive : The cans of paint is being used less than half up to now.

15.   More classes in English (list) in the catalog next fall.

Passive : The catalog will be listed more classes in English next fall.

16.   Everything (go) well so far. There (be) no trouble yet.

Active   : Everything is going well so far. There is no trouble yet.

17.   That movie about Napoleon’s life (disappoint) me greatly.

Active   : That movie about Napoleon’s life disappointed me greatly.

18.   The mail (deliver, always) to this office before 10 a.m.

Active   : The mail is always deliver to this office before 10 a.m.

19.   Who (furnish) the food for the picnic next weekend?

Active   : Who will furnish the food for the picnic next weekend?

20.   At this time, much attention (devote) to that problem.

Active   : At this time, much attention is devoting to that problem.

21.   Think carefully. I’m sure you (remember) his name.

Active   : Think carefully. I’m sure you remember his name.

22.   We (treat) very kindly by our hosts last Saturday.

Active   : Our hosts were treated us very kindly last Saturday.

23.   Mr. Wilson (make) something interesting statements yesterday.

Passive : Something interesting statements were made by Mr. Wilson yesterday.

24.   A new textbook (publish) by that company next year.

Active   : That company will publish a new textbook next year.

25.   The noise from the trains (annoy) me terribly last night.

Active   : The noise from the trains annoyed me terribly last night.

26.   That old red house (build) in the year 1822.

Active   : That old red house was built in the year 1822.

27.   The report (examine, not) by a committee of experts yet.

Active   : A committee of expert has not examine the report yet.

28.   Cocktails (serve) to the guests about 10 minutes from now.

Passive : Cocktails will be served to the guests about 10 minutes from now.

29.   His sharp remarks (embarrass) everyone last night.

Active   : His sharp remarks embarrassed everyone last night.

30.    Fred (introduce) to the fellow by Mr. Brown yesterday.

Active   : Mr. Brown introduced Fred to the fellow yesterday.

31.   Listen to this! I think this news (surprise) you!

Active   : Listen to this! I think this news will surprise you!

32.   The Ajax Shoe Company (employ) 25 new men next month.

Active   : The Ajax Shoe Company will employ 25 new men next month.

33.   Only 25 new students (admit) into the department in 1955.

Active   : Only 25 new students were admitted into the department in 1955.

34.   A second coat of paint (spread) over that surface tomorrow.

Active   : A second coat of paint will spread over that surface tomorrow.

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